Topic Bibliography

Chakraborty, Ranajit and others. "Distribution of last names : a stochastic model for likelihood determination in record linkage." IN: Genealogical Demography, Editors Bennett Dyke and Warren T. Morrill, 63-69. New York: Academic Press, 1981.
Notes: Abstract in American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1979 No 50 p426-427
Abstract: Lawson1: "Develops a statistical model for the distribution of surnames from records in Laredo, Texas and Guam from 1829-1977. 10 refs."

Christian, Peter. "What surname distribution can't tell us. " Family Tree Magazine 13, no. 8 (June 1997): 20-21.
also available online

Cummins, W. A. "Telephone directories and surnames." Genealogists' Magazine 17, no. 5(March 1973): 266-69.

Darlu, Pierre, Anna Degioanni, and Jacques Ruffie. " Quelques statistiques sur la distribution des patronymes en France." Population [Paris] 52, no. 3(1997): 607-34.
Abstract: "The list of French surnames has been compiled from the INSEE file of births registered during two periods: 1891-1915 and 1916-1940.... There were approximately 450,000 surnames in France at the end of the nineteenth century, and for 100 surnames that disappeared in the course of this period, almost 180 new surnames appeared in the first half of the twentieth century."

Darlu, Pierre and Jacques Ruffie. "Relationships between consanguity and migration rate from surname distributions and isonomy in France." Annals of Human Biology 19, no. 2 (1992): 133-37.
Abstract: "The distribution of surnames in France during the period 1916-40 is analysed from the civil birth registers for each of the 36,500 administrative units. The migration rate estimated from surnames is compared with the migration rate obtained from demographic census data"

Ecclestone, Martin. "Diffusion of English surnames." Local Historian 19, no. 2(1989).

Gauss, John. "Gauss Chase [Letter]." Family Tree Magazine 13, no. 8 (June 1997): 22.

Giggs, J. A. "Surname geography: a study of the Giggs Family name 1450-1989." East Midland Geographer, no. 17 (1994): 58-78.

Goebl, H. "The convergence between geo-linguistic and geo-genetic fragmentation in Northern Italy." Revue De Linguistique Romane 60, no. 237-38 (1996): 25-49.

Guppy, H. B. Homes of Family names of Great Britain. London: Harrison and Sons, 1890.

Hey, David. "The Local History of Family Names." Local Historian 27, no. 4 (November 1997): i-xx.

Hodgson, Geoffrey M. "Surname distribution : a reply." Family Tree Magazine 13, no. 8 (June 1997): 22.

________. "Surname history : a new technique." Family Tree Magazine 13, no. 4 (February 1997): 55-56.

Hoskins, W. G. "The homes of family names." History Today , no. 22(1972): 189-94.
Notes: Lawson1: "general description of some of the methodology of doing research on surnames with comments on names research in Leicestershire, Gloucestershire, Norfolk, and other areas"

Kaplan, Bernice and Gabriel Ward Lasker. "The present distribution of some English surnames derived From place names." Human Biology 55, no. 2(1983): 243-50.

Lasker, Gabriel Ward. Surnames and genetic structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Notes: Reviewed in 'Nomina' 10
Abstract: Lawson1: "Begins with a comprehensive review of the use of surnames in studying inbreeding from the time of Darwin and describes a number of investigations all over the world using isonymy to measure inbreeding. Of major interest is the appendix which contains maps and diagrams of 100 surnames from England and Wales showing the dispersions of 1975 isonymous marriages. This information throws light on the migration pattern of those name bearers. These surnames comprise 20% of the total population. About 160 refs."

Lasker, Gabriel Ward and Kaplan, B A. "English place-names surnames tend to cluster near the place named." Names , no. 31: 167-77.

Leeson, Frank. "The distribution of Welsh surnames." Genealogists' Magazine 19, no. 1(March 1977): 16-17.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Shows the distribution of 26 common surnames in 13 counties in Wales. Among the names are : Davies, Edwards, Evans, and Griffiths. 2 refs."

________. "The history and technique of surname distribution studies." Family History 3.

________. "The study of single surnames and their distribution." The Genealogists Magazine 14, no. 12(1964).

Lloyd,D , Webber, R., and Longley, P. 'Surnames as a quantitative evidence resource for the social sciences'. In: Proceeedings of Geographical Information Systems UK Conference
University of East Anglia, Norwich, pp. 254-6
Note also online at the UCL Casa surnames website

McKinley, Richard. "The distribution of surnames derived from the names of some Yorkshire towns." in: Tribute to an Antiquary : Essays Presented to Marc Fitch by Some of His Friends, Frederick and Stephens Roy Emmison. London: Leopard Head's Press.

Piazza, A. and others. "Migration rates of human populations from surname distribution." Nature 329, no. 6141 (1987): 714-16.

Porteous, John Douglas. "Locating the place of origin of a surname." The Local Historian 17, no. 7 (1987).

________The Mells : surname geography, family history. Saturnalia, B.C., Canada: Saturna Island Thinktank Press, 1988.
Notes: Reviewed in 'Nomina' 14

________. "Place loyalty." The Local Historian 16, no. 6 (1985).

________ "Surname geography : a study of the Mell family name c. 1538-1980. " Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series 7, no. 4 (1982): 395-418.

Powell, Anthony. "The distribution of Welsh surnames." Genealogists' Magazine 19(1977): 61.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Comment on Leeson"

Prideaux, R. M. Prideaux : a West Country clan. Chichester: Phillimore, 1989.

Riggs, Geoff. "The 1881 Project - British surname distribution [Part 1]." Journal of One-Name Studies 6, no. 3(July 1997): 55-58.

________. "The 1881 Project - British surname distribution. Part 2: What Happens to the Data?" The Journal of One-Name Studies 6, no. 4(October 1997): 76-79.

Rogers, Colin D. The surname detective: investigating surname distribution in England, 1086-present Day. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995.

Sch�rer, K 'Surnames and the search for regions' Local Population Studies 72 (Spring 2004) pp50-76
Note: An analysis of the full 1881 census enriched dataset using statistical techniques like density, mean separation distance, and cluster analysis to reveal surname regions. 13 maps -mostly in colour

Smith, Elsdon Coles. "West north versus east south." Names , no. 4(1956): 166-67.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Explains that the names West and North are more common than East and South because migration in England was more likely to be toward the more heavily populated areas in the South and East. 1 ref."

Titterton, John. "Pinpointing the origin of a surname." The Local Historian 20, no. 1(1990).

________ "Pinpointing the origin of your surname with median area theory." Journal of One-Name Studies 7, no. 12(October 2002-December 2002): 6-8.

Turner, Maurice. "Distribution and persistence of surnames in a Yorkshire Dale 1500-1700." Local Population Studies 54 (1995): 28-39.

-Mapping- General

Gregory, Ian et al. "The Great Britain Historical GIS Project : From maps to changing human geography" The Cartographic Journal,Vol 39 no. 1 (June) (2002): 37-49.

Gregory, Ian and Chis Bennett. "Local history and geographical information systems." Local History Magazine, no. 62 (July/August) (1997): 19-23.

Kain, Roger and Richard Oliver. The Tithe maps of England and Wales: a Cartographic Analysis and County-by-County Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Lasker, Gabriel Ward and C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor. Atlas of British Surnames. London: Guild of One-Name Studies, 1990.

-Mapping- Boundaries

Cockin,Tim Old parish boundaries of Staffordshire: a guide to the administrative units of Staffordshire
Malthouse Press, 2005 -Isbn: 0953901815

Murrells, Donovan J. Registration districts of Essex in 1836 : With maps and list of parishes. London: D.J. Murrells, 1994.

________. Registration districts and hundreds of Hampshire in 1836 : With maps and list of parishes. London: D.J. Murrells, 1998.

________. Registration districts of Kent in 1836 : With maps and list of parishes. London: D.J. Murrells, 1996.

________. Registration districts of Norfolk in 1836 : With maps and list of parishes. London: D.J. Murrells, 1993.

________. Registration districts of Suffolk in 1836 : With maps and list of parishes. London: D.J. Murrells, 1993.

________. Registration districts of Sussex in 1836 : With maps and list of parishes. London: D.J. Murrells, 1994.

Ottewill, Roger Redrawing the boundaries :the politics and outcomes of the County Review Process in Surrey, 1929-1933 Southern History 26 (2004) 100-127
Note: Maps of pre- and post-1933 boundaries; table of parishes transferred to urban authorities

Sharpe,N. Glossop Remembered Landmark Publishing, 2005 -Isbn 1843061996
Note: includes sections on location of township boundaries and local boundaries over the centuries

-Migration

Boyce, A J. Migration and mobility: Biosocial aspects of human movement. London: Taylor and Francis, 1984.

Bukatzsch, E. "The constancy of local populations and migration in England Before 1800." Population Studies 8(1951): 62-69.

Clark, Peter and David Souden. Migration and society in early Modern England. London: Hutchinon, 1987.

Coleman, D. A. "Marital Choice and geographical mobility. " Symposia of the Society for the Study of Human Biology 23(1984): 29-34.
Abstract: Lawson2: "pp29-34 give evidence for surname analysis from parish registers from Suffolk as early as 1600 to show that previous scholars underestimated the amount of English geographical mobility"

________. "Study of migration and marriage in Reading,England." Journal of Biosocial Science 11(1979).

Crosby, A. G. "Migration to Preston in the Fourteenth Century: the Evidence of Surnames." Lancashire Local Historian, no. 8.

Darlu, Pierre, Anna Degioanni, and G. Zei. "Patronymes et migration dans les populations humaines." In: Analyse Spatiale De Donnees Biodemographiques, 2225-253. Paris: J. Libbey, 1996.

Kent, J. R. "Population mobility and alms : Poor migrants in the Midlands during the early seventeenth century." Local Population Studies, no. 27 (1981).

Longley, P., Webber, R. and Lloyd,D. 'The quantitative analysis of family names : historic migration and the present day neighbourhood structure of Middlesbrough, United Kingdom"
Spatial Literacy Paper :1 - available Online

McClure, Peter. "Patterns of migration in the late Middle Ages : the Evidence of English Place-Name Surnames." Economic History Review, no. 32 (1979): 167-82.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Suggests that placename surnames give an indication of the patterns of migration for social betterment. 7 refs."

________ "Surnames from English placenames as evidence for mobility in the Middle Ages." The Local Historian 13, no. 2(1978).
Abstract: Lawson1: " discussion of some of the difficulties and their resolution of using surnames as evidence of mobility"

Miles, A. Occupational and social mobility in England, 1839-1914. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Abstract: "the first systematic historical analysis of occupational and social mobility in England, using a collection of over 10,000 marriage certificates to examine inter-generational change"

Piazza, A. and others. "Migration rates of human populations from surname distribution." Nature 329, no. 6141 (1987): 714-16.

Pooley, C. G. and J. Turnbull. "Migration & Mobility in Britain from the eighteenth to the twentieth Century." Local Population Studies 57 (Autumn 1996): 50-71.

Saitoh, N. "An attempt to estimate the migration pattern in Japan by surname data." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 91, no. 3(1983): 309-22.
Notes: In Japanese?

Wallwork, S. "Allowing for migration in estimating early population levels." Local Population Studies , no. 56(Spring 1996): 30-42.

Webster, Warwick. "Migration trends in Staffordshire from the late thirteenth Century to the early fourteenth century (1250-1350), As Evidenced by Place-Name Surnames." University Of Birmingham, 1984.

Wyatt, G. "Population change and stability in a Cheshire parish during the eighteenth century." Local Population Studies, no. 43 (1989): 47-54.
Notes: "Migration and stability of population are examined here principally through the study of surnames. Migration and stability are detected in three different ways: from changes in the local stock of surnames from the continuity of families through successive generations; and through the provenance of marriage partners. Nantwich, a parish in south Cheshire, has been chosen for this study"

-Surname stability/Persistence/Place loyalty

Section Note: "In the late middle ages... the turnover of surnames in "local communities" was extensive. Stability was only re-established in the sixteenth century, when a long-term persistence of surnames returned" Postles SLR p347

Cohen, Anthony P. Belonging : identity and social organisation in British rural cultures , edited by A.P. Cohen - Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1982. - (Anthropological studies of Britain ; no.1). - 071900859x

Evans, Nesta 'The descent of dissenters in the Chilterns', in Margaret Spufford (ed) , The World of the Rural Dissenters 1520-1725 -Cambridge, 1995, pp288-388
Note: a comparison of the surnames in use in the 1524 Lay Subsidy Roll with those in the Hearth Tax of 1662, supplemented by the Hearth Tax of 1664, and the Free and Voluntary Present of 1661. Finding: 29% of the surnames persisted between the two periods

Hey, David 'Continuity in local and regional identity: the evidence of family names' Devon Historian 2006, no. 72, pp. 2-6

Hey, David 'Stable families in Tudor and Stuart England' in Names, time and place : essays in memory of Richard McKinley , edited by Della Hooke and David Postles. Leopard's Head Press, 2003, pp 165-180

Howell, Cecily Land, family and inheritance in transition :Kibworth Harcourt 1280-1700 - Cambridge University Press, 1983 - Isbn 0521246318

Jones, G.P. 'Continuity and change in surnames in four northern parishes'. Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, ns, 73 (1973), 142-7.

Lord, Evelyn 'The distribution and stability of surnames in south-east Surrey- 1664-1851 in English surnames' in Names, time and place : essays in memory of Richard McKinley , edited by Della Hooke and David Postles. Leopard's Head Press, 2003, pp 181-192

Postles, Suella and David 'Surnames and stability : a detailed case study ' in Names, time and place : essays in memory of Richard McKinley , edited by Della Hooke and David Postles. Leopard's Head Press, 2003, pp 194-208

Snell, K.D.M. 'Gravestones, belonging and local attachment in England 1700-2000' Past & Present 179 (May 2003), 97-134

Spufford, Peter 'The comparative mobility and immobility of Lollard descendants in early modern England', in Margaret Spufford (ed) , The World of the Rural Dissenters 1520-1725 -Cambridge, 1995, pp309-331
Note: Findings that "it was normal, from the sixteenth to the eighteeenth century, for some 15-25 per cent of surnames to survive for a century" This was based on the parish - area persistence rates should be higher

- Linguistics and surnames

Barker, S; Spoerlein, S; Vetter, T and Viereck, W "An Atlas of English Surnames" Bamberger Beitrage Zur Englischen Sprachwissenschaft 52, 2007

Carney, Edward A survey of English spelling Routledge, 1994
Chapter 6: Conventions used in the spelling of names

Christian, Peter "What is a surname variant? " (May 2002)
Note: Available on the TOBS website

Christian, Peter "Surname variation and surname matching algorithms " (May 2002)
Excellent survey- Succinctly covers: Phonological and morphological variants; consonant matching; consonant clusters
Note: Available on the TOBS website

Clarke, John What's in a name Witcombe : J.E. Clarke, 2003. 24 p. Isbn-0954226364
Note:English language -- Orthography and spelling. As yet unseen, so level and appropriateness unknown

Crystal, David The stories of English - London : Allen Lane, 2004. -Isbn 0713997524
Note: Specifically [Chapter 6] 'Interlude 6- Lay subsidy dialects' pp 140-143 which includes map 6.4 'The distribution of q-, wh-, and w- spellings in personal names in East Midland Lay Subsidy Rolls'. This is a short consideration of the derivation of some variants of e.g.White and Miller from language change

Markert, K. 'Metonymic proper names: a corpus-based account, by K Markert and M. Nissim
Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 2006, vol. 171, pp. 152-174

Palgrave, Derek "Many surname variants are really misspelt deviants" Journal of One-Name Studies , 8:5 (Jan-March 2004), 6-9.
Note: an updated version of the author's previous articles in JOONS (Oct 1980 and Autumn 1984). The article covers some of the possible linguistic aspects that forged many surname deviants, and suggests a way of arranging these in a 2-dimensional array. Commends a statistical approach using the 1881 census to isolate true variants by their greater frequencies

Redmonds, George "Migration and the linguistic development of surnames." Family History 11, no. 77/78 (August 1980).
Abstract: Lawson1: "develops the position that as bearers of surname migrate, there are variations in the name. Traces the Lightowler family in Rochdale parish from 1246 to Yorkshire, Bradford, and the Colne Valley as Lightoller and Lightholder. Hinchcliffe and other names are also discussed"

________. Surnames and genealogy: a new approach. Bury: Federation of Family History Societies, 2002.
Originally published: New England Hisoric Genealogical Society, 1997
Especially Chapter 4: The linguistic development of surnames
Reviewed in Nomina 21 (1998)

Viereck, Wolfgang "Towards an Atlas of English surnames " Bamberger Beitrage zur Englischen Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 50 Part 2 (2005) , pp 91-117 Note: Issn 0721-281X : Isbn 0-8204-7357-X

Viereck, Wolfgang "Towards an Atlas of English Family Names" Romanian Journal of English Studies 2 (2005) pp 129-159

Weekley, Ernest; Pilkington, D. D. 'Surnames and the chronology of the English vocabulary'. Discovery, 2 (1921), 2-5.

Webber, R, and Mateos, P. 'Using names to classify people and neighbourhoods by their cultural, ethnic and linguistic origins'
CASA Working paper, forthcoming 2006

Wescott, Roger W. 'The phonology of proper names in English' in: Names New and Old : Papers of the Names Institute Volume II- Revised 2nd edition, edited by E. Wallace McMullen, Lewiston: Lampeter, E. Mellen Press, 2002 (Isbn 0773475346)

Statistics and surnames

"Monsieur Dupont s'appêlle Martin et son prénom est Jean." Economie et Statistiques, no. 35 (1972): 49-53.
Notes: A study of the number and distribution of patronyms and forenames in France

Allar, R. "Nombre et disparition des noms de famille en France." La France Genealogique 162.

Bardsley, Alan. "How big will your one-name study be?" Journal of One-Name Studies 7, no. 10 (April-June 2002): 14.

Bardsley, Alan. "How many Smiths are there?" Journal of One-Name Studies 5, no. 10 (April 1996): 308-10.

Buechley, Robert. "A reproducible method of counting persons of Spanish surnames." Journal of the American Statistical Association , no. 56(1961): 88-97.
Abstract: Lawson2:

Cazes, Marie-Helene. "Assessing the genealogical depth of an ancestry." .
Abstract: "Many studies in genetics and historical demography rely on family reconstitution, beginning with one individual and his or her ancestry... In this paper it is shown that an index which is supposed to provide information about the average length of an ancestry may lead to inconsistent results in some cases"

Consul, P. C. "Evolution of surnames." International Statistical Review 59, no. 3 (1991): 271-78.
Notes: The determination of a suitable probability model to describe the distribution of surnames in various areas has been considered by many authors. In this paper a birth and death process model and a branching process model are proposed to explain the evolution of surnames."

Dale, J.W. and Roberts, J.L. "The identification of patients and their records in a hospital" IN: Computers in the Service of Medicine Vol 1 (Editors: G McLachlan and R.A. Shegog), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968
Notes: An analysis of surname lengths from some 4,500 names from a patient file. This showed a mean of 6.38 and a standard deviation of 1.64

Dewdney, A. K. "Computer recreations : Branching phylogenies of the Paleozoic and the fortunes of English family names." Scientific American (May 1986): 16-18.
Note: Discusses Sturges and Haggett

Eliassaf, Nissim. "Names survey in the population administration : State of Israel." Names , no. 29 (1981): 273-84.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Analysis of the name records of over 4 million individuals in Israel. Statistical tables show distributions of first names and surnames by number of letters and frequency. Also includes the 100 most frequent names in various categories. Arab names are also included."

Fidler, Graham. "How big is your One-Name study?" Journal of One-Name Studies 5, no. 9 (January 1996): 278-80.

Gray, Percy G. "Initial letters of surnames " Applied Statistics 7(1), (March 1958): 58-59
Note: An analysis of the 1957-58 parliamentary electoral roll. For England, the most common initial letter was 'B' (11%), for Wales 'J' (11%), and in Scotland 'M' accounted for 21% of its surnames

Hatch, Donald. "Do many of us really have rare surnames or do we just think we do?" Journal of One-Name Studies 8(9) (Jan-March 2005),9-13, 17
Note: an examination of the frequency of singly-occurring surnames in the 1881 and 1901 censi. Concludes that only 8% of us have a "very rare" name and less than 1% have an "extremely rare" or unique name - though 1 in 3 may be classed as "quite rare"
Response: Ben Kaser: Letter Journal of One-Name Studies 8 (10) (April-June 2005), 25 [combined table]

Healy, M.J.R. "The lengths of surnames" Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) 131(4) (1968), 567-568
Note: An analysis of some 2871 entries from a then contemporary edition of the London Telephone Directory. The mean of distribution was 6.47 with a standard deviation of 1.79

Kendall, David G. " The genealogy of genealogy branching processes before (and
after) 1873." Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 7 (1975): 225-53.

Kent, Alan. "Probability and statistics in genealogy -1." Genealogists' Magazine 18, no. 2(June 1975): 76-80.

________. "Probability and statistics in genealogy -2." Genealogists' Magazine 18, no. 3(September 1975): 134-39.
Notes: see also response pp211-213

Manrubia, Susanna and Damian Zanette "At the boundary between biological and cultural evolution: The origin of surname distributions" Journal of Theoretical Biology Vol 216 pp461-477 (2002)
Abstract:"The authors' model for international surname distribution found that the rules are surprisingly simple. Just two key parameters�how often new surnames are created and the rate at which uncommon name disappear�largely govern the distribution of surnames everywhere. After several generations names follow a power law, you end up with a few very common names and lots of very rare ones."

Manrubia, Susanna, Bernard Derrida and Damian Zanette " Genealogy in the era of genomics "American Scientist Vol 91 pp158-165
Note:"Models of cultural and family traits reveal human homogeneity and stand conventional beliefs about ancestry on their head

Mase, S. "Approximations to the birthday problem with unequal occurrence probabilities and their application to the surname problem in Japan." Annals Of The Institute Of Statistical Mathematics 44, no. 3(1992): 479-99.
Abstract: "Finally we will give two applications. The first is the estimation of the coincidence probability of surnames in Japan. For this purpose, we will fit a generalized zeta distribution to a frequency data of surnames in Japan

Mateos, Pablo "How segregated are name origins? : a new method of measuring ethnic residential segregation"
by Pablo Mateos, Richard Webber, and Paul Longley
a paper presented to GIS Research UK 2006 Annual Conference
available online

Miyazima S and others. "Power-law distribution of family names in Japanese societies." Physica A 278, no. 1-2(April 2000): 282-88.
Abstract: " We study the frequency distribution of family names. From a common data base, we count the number of people who share the same family name. This is the size of the family. We find that (i) the total number of different family names in a society scales as a power law of the population, (ii) the total number of family names of the same size decreases as the size increases with a power law and (iii) the relation between size and rank of a family name also shows a power law. These scaling properties are found to be consistent for five different regional communities in Japan.

Molet, Martine and Christine Ricci. "Prénoms et noms des Bourguignons." Dimensions [Insee-Bourgogne], no. 46 (1997).
Notes: available online at: http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/bourgogne/rfc/docs/dim_46_aout_1997.pdf

Murrells, Donovan J. "How many alive today?" Journal of One-Name Studies 5, no. 12(October 1996): 377-78.

Ogden, Trevor. "How rare are surnames ?" Journal of One-Name Studies (April 1998): 129-23.

Panaretos, J. "On the evolution of surnames." International Statistical Review 57, no. 2 (1989): 161-67.

________. "A probability model involving the use of the zero-truncated Yule distribution for analyzing surname data." IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medecine and Biology 6, no. 2(1989): 133-36.

Plakans, Andrejs "Genealogies as evidence in historical kinship studies : a German example", in: R.M. Taylor and R.S. Crandall (eds.) Generations and Change : Genealogical perspectives in social history Macon,Georgia, 1986 pp133-137
Note: In this study nearly half of the patrilineages lasted l ess than a year; however, more than 50% of the marriages occurred in only 9% of the lineages

Randerson, James " No shame in a name " New Scientist Vol. 173, Issue 2335, (25 June 2002)
Abstract: Preview of Manrumbia & Zanetti's 2002 Journal of Theoretical Biology article

Reed, William J. and Barry Hughes "On the distribution of family names" Physica A 319 (2003): 579-590
A model for the distribution of family names that explains the power-law decay of the probability distribution for the number of people with a given family name

Social Security Administration. Report of the distribution of surnames in the Social Security Number File. Washington, D.C.: Social Security Administration, 1974.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Used over 239 million records to identify those surnames with a frequency of 10,000 or more. A second listing is given in alphabetical order."

Tesniere, M. "Frequence des noms de famille." Journal De La Societé De Statistique De Paris 116, no. 1 (1975): 24-33.

Tucker, Ken "An analysis of the forenames and surnames of England and Wales listed in the UK 1881 census data " Onoma 38(2003): 181-216

Tucker, Ken "Distribution of forenames, surnames, and forename-surname pairs in Canada." Names 50, no. 2(2002): 105-32.

________. "Distribution of forenames, surnames, and forename-surname pairs in the United States." Names 49, no. 2(2001): 69-96.

________. "The forenames and surnames from the GB 1998 Electoral Roll compared with those from the UK 1881 Census" Nomina 27 (2004): 5-40

________. " What happened to the UK 1881 Census surnames by 1997 " Nomina 27 (2004): 91-118

Vivian, S. P. "Some statistical aspects of genealogy (I)." Genealogists' Magazine 6 (1932): 442-51.

Weiss, Kenneth M.,Rossman, David L., Chakraborty, Ranajit and Norton, Susan L. "Wherefore art thou Romeo? Name frequency patterns and their use in automated genealogy assembly"in: Genealogical Demography edited by Bennett Dyke and Warren T. Morrill. New York, 1980, pp41-61
Note: "a characteristic feature of these distributions is that the total number of forenames or surnames appearing once exceeds what would be expected on the basis of standard statistical distributions"

Zanette, Damian and Susanna C. Manrubia. "Vertical transmission of culture and the distribution of family names." Physica A 295, no. 1-2(June 2001): 1-8.
Abstract: "A stochastic model for the evolution of a growing population is proposed, in order to explain empirical power-law distributions in the frequency of family names as a function of the family size "

Surname Extinction

Albertsen K. "The extinction of families" International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique
63(2), (Aug 1995),234-239

Baker, R. J. "Natural selection, onomastics, and population control : the Shufflebottom hypothesis." Dalhousie Review , no. 51(1972): 332-36.
Abstract: Lawson2: " examination of the reasons bynames such as Addlehead,Backoff,Ramsbottom, and Shufflebottom appear to be dying out"

Brouard, N. L'Extinction des noms de famille en France : une approche. Ined, 1989.

Christensen, C.M., Albertsen K., and Kristensen, E. " A Previously Unpublished Solution to Erlang's "Problem of Extinction of Families" " International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique
63(2), (Aug 1995), 242-245

Dupaquier, Jacques. "Nos patronymes vont-ils disparaitre?" in: La Societe Francaise Ai XIX Siecle : Tradition, Transition, Tranformation, 461-88. (editor) Didier Blanchet. Paris: Fayard, 1992.

Galton, Francis. "Probable extinction of families." in: Natural Inheritance, Appendix F Francis Galton, 241-48. London: Macmillan and Co., 1889.

________. "[Problem 4001]." Educational Times (April 1873).

Galton, Francis and H. W. Watson. "On the probability of the extinction of families." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4 (1974): 138-44.

Hull, David. "A reconsideration of Galton's problem: (Using a Two-Sex Population)." Theoretical Population Biology 54, no. 2 (October 1998): 105-16.
Abstract: ""The main purposes of this paper are to promote and expound the bisexual Galton-Watson branching process as a relevant model for the consideration of Francis Galton's problem regarding the extinction of surnames of `men of note'."

Kendall, David G. "Branching processes since 1873." J. London. Math. Soc. 41: 385-406.
Notes: Reprinted in: Studies in the history of statistics and probability. Vol 2. (1977) pp383-405

Körner, T. W. The pleasures of counting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Abstract: "The disappearance of surnames i..e. the dying out of the male line- commences a short discourse that prepares the student for a later course on Markov chains...however, in considering the growth of a surname (in his example, Smith, the model used assumes a late,rapid population growth; whereas the historical reality is different... "

Lange, Kenneth. "Minimum extinction probability for surnames and favorable mutations." Mathematical Biosciences 54, no. 1/2(1981): 71-78.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Uses mathematical proofs to develop extinction probability for surnames. Minimum probability is obtained when the variance in the number of offspring is smallest. 17 refs."

Lotka, A. J. "The extinction of families." Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, no. 21 (1931): 377-453.

Murphy. Mike 'Tracing very long-term kinship networks using SOCSIM' Demographic Research 10(7) May 2004
Note: Online article
Excellent summary of extinction rates

Natsoulas, Anthula, ""Population growth and family name extinction : Exploring Mathematical Models With Technology"." (1997):1997.
Notes: A presentation given at T3 Regional and Ohio MATYC/MAA Winter Institute, Columbus State Community College, Columbus, Ohio

Pollard, J. H. "The Extinction of surnames." in: Mathematical Models for the Growth of Human Populations J. H. Pollard, 97-111. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

Raup, David. Extinction : bad genes or bad luck ? New York : London: W.W. Norton, 1991.
Notes: Note on extinction of surnames

Sturges, Christopher M. and Brian C. Haggett. Inheritance of English surnames. London: Hawgood Computing, 1987.

Thinking science on computer: Project report - surname extinction University of Singapore (2005?)
Note: a student computer-program simulation for name extinction
available online

Wachter, Kenneth W. and Peter. Laslett. "Measuring patriline extinction for modeling social mobility in the past." in: Statistical Studies of Historical Social Research Academic Press, 1978, pp 113-36.

Watson, H. W. "Solution to Problem 4001." Educational Times (August 1873): 115-16.

Whittle, Peter. Probability. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
Notes: pp 123-125, 148 covers the mathematics of surname extinction

Yasuda, N. et alia. "The evolution of surnames : and analysis of their distribution and extinction." Theoretical Population Biology, no. 5 (1974): 123-42.

- Isonymy

Baillie, Susan R. "A surname analysis of two fishing communities in north-east Scotland." Annals of Human Biology , no. 72(1981): 392.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Surnames used to measure inbreeding indicate that fishermen had more inbreeding than non-fishermen"

Bhatia, K. "The application of gene diversity analyses to surname diversity data." Journal of Theoretical Biology 88, no. 1(1981): 121-33.

Bittles, A. H. and M. T. Smith. "Abo and Rh(d) Blood-Group frequencies in the Ards Peninsula, Northeastern Ireland : evidence for the continuing existence of a major politicoreligious boundary." Annals of Human Biology 18, no. 3(1991): 253-58.
Abstract: Data are presented on the ABO and Rh(D) frequencies of 1685 individuals living in the Ards Peninsula, northeastern Ireland. Previous investigations based on surname analysis and linguistic studies showed a basic north-south population divide that could be traced back at least to the early seventeenth century. The current survey indicates the continuation of this divide, which is coincident with known patterns of religious persuasion.

Boldsen, J. L., C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor, and Gabriel Ward Lasker. "An analysis of the geographical distribution of selected British surnames." Human Biology 58, no. 1(1986): 85-95.

Boyce, A J. Migration and mobility: biosocial aspects of human movement. London: Taylor and Francis, 1984.

Cabello, P. H. and H. Krieger. "Note on estimates of the inbreeding coefficient through study of pedigrees and isonymous marriages." Human Biology 63, no. 5(1991): 719-23.
Abstract: Abstract: genealogy analyses show that the consanguineous marriages do not necessarily occur regularly. Therefore the isonymy analysis gives a misestimation of the inbreeding coefficient, depending on the prevailing form of nonrandomness

Chakraborty, Ranajit and others. "Distribution of last names : a stochastic model for likelihood determination in record linkage." in: Genealogical Demography, Editors Bennett Dyke and Warren T. Morrill, 63-69. New York: Academic Press, 1981.
Notes: Abstract in American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1979 No 50 p426-427
Abstract: Lawson1: "Develops a statistical model for the distribution of surnames from records in Laredo, Texas and Guam from 1829-1977. 10 refs."

Crow, J. F. and A. P. Mange. "Measurement of inbreeding from the frequency of marriages between persons of the same surname." Social Biology 29, no. 1/2(1982): 101-5.

Devor, E. J. "Matrix methods for the analysis of isonymous and nonisonymous surname pairs." Human Biology 55, no. 2(1983): 277-88.

Fisher, R. A. and Janet Vaughan. "Surnames and blood groups. " Nature , no. 144(1939): 1047-48.
Notes: reprinted in 'Collected Papers of R.A. Fisher (Adelaide: University of Adelaide,1971-1974)
Abstract: Lawson2: "Used Welsh surnames Davis, Edwards, Harris, Jones, Lewis, Morgan, Phillips and Roberts to identify a Welsh sample for the study of blood types in Britain."

Fox, W. R. and Gabriel Ward Lasker. "The distribution of surname frequencies." International Statistical Review, no. 51 (1983): 81-87.

Harrison, G. A. The human biology of the English village. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Notes: With a chapter on surnames by Gabriel W. Lasker

Hill, Emmeline W., Mark A. Jobling, and Daniel G. Bradley. "Y-Chromosome variation and Irish origins." Nature 404, no. 6776(2000): 351-52.
Abstract: A study of the Y-chromosome of 221 Irish males, which found significant differences
between those with Gaelic surnames and others, and between those of
eastern and western Irish origin

Islam, M. N. "A stochastic model for surname evolution ." Biometrical Journal 37, no. 1(1995): 119-26.
Abstract: Surnames are inherited in much the same way as biological traits like alleles of one locus. Assuming the heritability of surnames, a simple stochastic model for X, the total number of occurrences of a surname, the Consul distribution defined by the probability mass function:for x = 1,2,3,... and zero otherwise and where either (i) m is a positive integer when 0 < theta < 1 such that theta less-than-or-equal-to mtheta less-than-or-equal 1, or (ii) m < 0, theta < 0 such that m theta less-than-or-equal-to 1, can be arrived at by considering the branching process mechanism. Someapplications of the model to real data are are also considered.

Kaplan, Bernice and Gabriel Ward Lasker. "The present distribution of some English surnames derived from place names." Human Biology 55, no. 2(1983): 243-50.

Kosten, M. and R. J. Mitchell. "Examining population- structure through the use of surname matrices : methodology for visualizing nonrandom mating." Human Biology 62, no. 3(1990): 319-35.

Kuchemann, C. F., A. J. Boyce, and G. A. Harrison. "A demographic and genetic study of a group of Oxfordshire villages." Human Biology, no. 39 (1967): 251-76.

Lasker, G. W. and C. G Mascie-Taylor. "The genetic structure ...sh villages: surname diversity changes between 1976 and 1997 ." Annals of Human Biology 28, no. 5 (September 2001-October 2001): 546-53.
Abstract: An examination of the change in the coefficient of relationship by isonymy (Ri) over a 21-year period ; calculated from the surnames of males in the registers of electors for 15 villages near Oxford in 1976 and again in 1997. In conclusion,this study showed that there was a tendency for random isonymy to decline in the 20th century. The reduction in the between-residence component can be accounted for by migration into the villages.

Lasker, Gabriel Ward. "Application of surname frequency distributions to studies of mating preferences." In: Human Mating Patterns C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor and A. J. Boyce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

________. "Calculating components of the coefficient of relationship ." Annals of Human Biology 25, no. 5(1998): 501-2. Abstract: "The coefficient of relationship by isonymy is Ri = Sigma(n(n - 1)/2(N(N - 1)) in which n is the number of persons of each surname and N = Sigma n. Dividing Ri into two components, one for the contribution ofco-residence (family size) and the other for diversity of surnames among residences is achieved by letting a(1) represent Sigma n(n - 1) for all residents, at represent Sigma n(n - 1 ) after eliminating all but one individual of any name at any residence, and b(1) represent 2N(N - 1) for all residents. Then the component for inter-residence diversity is a(2)/b(1) and the component for relationship by co-residence (including the interaction) is (a(1) - a(2))/b(1). By the same logic it is possible to calculate separately theinteraction component, but the additional information seems of limited importance"

________. "Census versus sample data in isonymy studies: relationship at short distances." Human Biology 69, no. 5(1997): 733-38.
Abstract: The degree of isonymy is greatly influenced by whether or not it includes the extent of isonymous relationship resulting from persons of the same surname living in the same residence. In a sample of 313 male citizens in one English village and 386 males in another village, isonymy within the same residence averaged 0.86. Total relationship by isonymy was 60% and 48% understated in samples of one individual of any surname at eachresidence in the two villages, such as would result from use of telephone directories as a source. In these villages isonymy between occupants of contiguous houses was also elevated, Only a small fraction of the total isonymy could be attributed to different residences on the same street, so this has little effect on the coefficient of relationship for the whole village or region. The larger the population, the less the bias from ignoring within-household relationships"

________. "The frequencies of surnames in England and Wales." Human Biology 55, no. 2 (1983): 331-40.

________. "Genetic structure of the human population of Britain as revealed in the distribution of surnames." in: Anthropological Studies in Great Britain and Ireland, editors Firestone Melvin M and Cove John J, 147pp. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University, 1982.

________. "Isonymy (occurrence of the same surname in affinal relatives): a comparison of rates calculated from pedigrees, grave markers and death and birth registers." Human Biology, no. 41: 309-21.

________. "The occurrence of identical (isonymous) surnames in various relationships in pedigrees: a preliminary analysis of the relationship of surname combinations to inbreeding." American Journal of Human Genetics, no. 20 (1968): 250-257.

________. "Relationships among the Otmoor villages and surrounding communities as inferred from surnames contained in the current register of Electors." Annals of Human Biology, no. 5 (1978): 105-11.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Reports on population inter-relationships that can be determined through isonymy. 12 refs."

________. "Repeated surnames in those marrying into British one-surname lineages - an approach to the evaluation of population-structure through analysis of the surnames in marriages." Human Biology 60, no. 1(1988): 1-9.

________. Surnames and genetic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Notes: Reviewed in 'Nomina' 10
Abstract: Lawson1: "Begins with a comprehensive review of the use of surnames in studying inbreeding from the time of Darwin and describes a number of investigations all over the world using isonymy to measure inbreeding. Of major interest is the appendix which contains maps and diagrams of 100 surnames from England and Wales showing the dispersions of 1975 isonymous marriages. This information throws light on the migration pattern of those name bearers. These surnames comprise 20% of the total population. About 160 refs."

Lasker, Gabriel Ward and B. A. Kaplan. "Demography in biological anthropology : human population structure and evolution. " American Journal of Human Biology 7, no. 4(1995): 425-30.
Abstract: "The fact of human evolution is evident in the biological variation caused by the pattern of lines of descent. Theories of human evolution are the explanations of the fertility and mortality differentials that determine patterns of variation atthe subspecific level. Migrations also influence the patterns. Because human beings plan migrations and marriages, theories relying solely on selective advantage and gene diffusion do not fully account for the observed patterns. These patterns can be interpreted through time and space as dense thickets of descent lines, often clustered into local fascicles held together by inbreeding. The patterns of descent lines are thus punctuated by births, sometimes ended by extinction of lines, but marked also by rich interconnections of the fascicles by filaments that represent marital migration. The patterns are neither solely of racial isolates nor of simple diffusion, but are the result of the complex sociocultural events that influence genetic demography, a field of study that some of Ed Hunt's work foreshadowed."

________. "Surnames and genetic-structure : repetition of the same pairs of names of married-couples , a measure of the subdivision of the population." Human Biology 57, no. 3 (1985): 431-40.

Lasker, Gabriel Ward and C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor. "The geographical distribution of selected surnames in Britain : model gene frequency clines." Journal of Human Evolution 14, no. 4(1985): 385-92.

________. "Surnames in five English villages : relationship to each other, to surrounding areas, and to England and Wales." Journal of Biosocial Science, no. 15 (1983): 25-34.

Lasker, Gabriel Ward, C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor, and D. A. Coleman. "Repeating pairs Of surnames in marriages In Reading (England) And Their Significance For Population-Structure." Human Biology 58, no. 3(1986): 421-25.

Lasker, Gabriel Ward and P. D. Raspe. "Given name relationships support surname genetics - A note and correction." Journal of Biosocial Science 24, no. 1(1992): 131-33.
Abstract: Analysis of a further four samples of first names in the index of marriages registered in England and Wales in the first 3 months of 1975 support the claim that there is no significant difference of 'between' versus 'within' registration district

Lasker, Gabriel Ward and D. F. Roberts. ';Secular trends in relationship as estimated by surnames : a study of a Tyneside parish.' Annals of Human Biology, no. 9 (1982): 299-307.

Manni, 'Geographic patterns of (genetic, morphologic, linguistic) variation: how barriers can be detected using Monmonier's algorithm' Human Biology , 76 no. 2 (April 2004):173-190

Manni, F.a b , Toupance, B.a , Sabbagh, A.a , Heyer, E.a
'New method for surname studies of ancient patrilineal population structures, and possible application to improvement of Y-chromosome sampling'
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126 (2), February 2005, Pages 214-228
Note: "As a case study, the spatial patterns of the 9,929 most common surnames of the Netherlands were analyzed by a clustering method called self-organizing maps (SOMs)". Results indicate that "n a given location, the descendants of those individuals who inhabited the area at the time of origin of surnames can be as low as ~20%. "

Manrubia, Susanna and Damian H. Zanette 'At the boundary between biological and cultural evolution: the origin of surname distributions.' Journal of Theoretical Biology 216, no. 4(June 2002): 461-77.
Abstract: Surnames and non-recombining alleles are inherited from a single parent in a highly similar way. A simple birth¯death model with mutations can accurately describe this process. Exponentially growing and constant populations are investigated, and we study how different compositions of the founder populations can be observed in present-day diversity distributions. We
analyse different quantities in the statistically stationary state, both through analytic and numerical methods. Our results compare favourably to field data for family sizes in several countries. We discuss the relationship between the dis-tribution of surnames and the genetic diversity of a population.

Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N. and Barry Bogin. Human variability and plasticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Notes: Chapter 8 entitled 'The use of surnames in the study of human variability and plasticity'

Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N. and Gabriel Ward Lasker. "The distribution of surnames in England and Wales: a model for genetic distribution." Man 25, no. 3 (1990): 521-30.
Abstract: "The distribution of 23 surnames in England and Wales are mapped from listings in telephone directories. Six of the names had previously been mapped from a three-month cohort of marriage registry listings, but the much larger samples in the telephone directories permit the display of additional details of the distributions - even of surnames of relatively infrequent occurrence. The maps show the unique features of each distribution. None of the patterns shows an even distribution with equal frequencies throughout England and Wales. In some respects surnames reveal the effects of past migrations so that their geographic patterns model those of numerous alleles of a very polymorphic gene"

________. "Geographic distribution of surnames in Britain : the Smiths and Joneses have cline like blood group genes." Journal of Biosocial Science 16, no. 3(1984): 301-8.

________. "Geographical distribution of common surnames in England and Wales." Annals of Human Biology 12, no. 5(1985): 397-401.

Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N., Gabriel Ward Lasker, and A. J. Boyce. "Repetition of the same surnames in different marriages as an indication of the structure of the population of Sanday Island, Orkney Islands." Human Biology 59, no. 1(1987): 97-102.

Raspe, Pamela and Gabriel Ward Lasker. "The structure of the human population in the Isles of Scilly : inferences from surnames and birthplaces listed in the Census and Marriage records." Annals of Human Biology , no. 7(1980): 401-10.
Abstract: Lawson1: ""Surnames were used to study the structure of the population of the Isles of Scilly. Isonymy ( people with the same surname) statistics were computed for the period 1726-1975. Coefficients of relationship by marital isonymy show a decrease and a slight tendency to avoid marriage between close relatives. No relationship was found between random isonymy and marital migration. 19 refs.""

Relethford, J. H. "Analysis of marital structure in Massachusetts using repeating pairs of surnames." Human Biology 64, no. 1(1992): 25-33.
Abstract: "Analysis of surnames from marriages is now a well-established method in the study of marital and genetic structure. Traditional methods of partitioning inbreeding into random and non-random components rely on the total number of isonymous marriages. Because this number is often low, standard errors of inbreeding estimates tend to be high. Lasker and Kaplan ( 1985) devised a method that circumvents this problem by focusing on the total number of repeating pairs (RP) of surnames among marriages. The observed value of RP can be compared with the value expected at random (RP(r)) to assess patterns of subdivision within a population. The RP method is applied here to data from 3431 marriages that took place from 1800 to 1849 in 4 Massachusetts towns

________. "Estimation of kinship and genetic-distance from surnames." Human Biology 60, no. 3(1988): 475-92.

Roberts, D. F. and M. J. Roberts. "Surnames and relationships : an Orkney Study." Human Biology 55, no. 2 (1983): 341-47.

Rogers, A. R. "Doubts about isonomy." Human Biology 63, no. 5(1991): 663-68.
Abstract: "The method of isonymy, developed by Crow and Mange for estimating inbreeding from surname frequencies, requires an assumption that has not been appreciated: It is necessary to assume that all males in some ancestral generation, the founding stock, had unique surnames. Because this assumption is seldom justified in real populations, the applicability of the isonymy method is extremely limited. Even worse, the estimates it provides refer to an unspecified founding stock, and this implies that these estimates are devoid of information"

Smith, Malcolm. Human biology and history. Taylor & Francis, 2002.
Abstract: "This multi-disciplinary volume weaves together the fields of biology,
archaeology, anthropology and history to produce a wide-ranging analysis of the
biological history of past human populations.
Table of contents:-
Human biology and history - the scope and scale of interaction; adaptation andthe English demographic regime; British polygyny; warfare and population structure; isonymy analysis - the potential for application of quantitative analysis of surname distributions to problems in historical research; calculating nutritional status in the past from historical sources; the achievements of anthropometric history; palaeobiology as a tool for the study of survival of past populations; "Observe - Our Noses Were Made to Carry Spectacles, So We Have Spectacles"; mines, meals and movement - a human ecological approach to the interface of "history and biology"

________. "Isonymy analysis: the potential for application of quantitative analysis of surname distributions to problems in historical research." in: Human Biology and History, editor Malcolm Smith, 112-33 Cambridge University Press, 2002.

________. "Surnames, migration and the pattern of population . "Symposium on Human Biology and History: Society for the Study of Human Biology.

Sokal, R. R. and others. "A spatial analysis of 100 surnames in England and Wales." Annals of Human Biology 19, no. 5 (1992): 445-76.
Abstract: "Spatial patterns are described and analysed for the 84 most common surnames in England and Wales, as well as 16 others selected for various reasons. At least three-quarters of the surname frequencies show spatial structure and are heterogeneous over the area of study"

Stevenson, J. C., R. J. Brown, and M. S. Schanfield. "Surname analysis as a sampling method for recovering genetic information." Human Biology 55, no. 2 (1983): 219-25.

Swedlund, A. C. and A. J. Boyce. "Mating structure in historical populations : estimation by analysis of surnames." Human Biology 55, no. 2 (1983): 251-62.

Sykes, Bryan and Catherine Irven. "Surnames and the Y chromosome." American Journal of Human Genetics 66, no. 4(April 2000): 1417-19.
Abstract: "A randomly ascertained sample of males with the surname "Sykes" was typed with four Y-chromosome microsatellites. Almost half the sample shared the same Y-chromosome haplotype, which has not been observed in control samples either from the same geographic region or from the United Kingdom as a whole. This points to a single surname founder for extant Sykes males, even though written sources had predicted multiple origins. The distribution of other Sykes Y-chromosome haplotypes were not significantly different from those in controls and may be accounted for by the historical accumulation of nonpaternity during the past 700 years, in which case the average rate estimate is 1.3%/generation. If this pattern is reproduced with other surnames, it may have important forensic and genealogical applications."

Weiss, Kenneth M. and others. "Mutations in names : implications for assessing identity by means of descent from historical records." Human Biology, no. 55 (1983): 313-22.

Weiss, V. "Inbreeding and genetic-distance between hierarchically structured populations measured by surname frequencies." Mankind Quarterly 21, no. 2(1980): 135-49.

- Exploring names in a wider context

Algeo, John "Is a theory of names possible?" Names 1985 Sept.; 33:3 (Sept 1985), 136-144
Differentiates between 'strong (i.e. scientific) theory and weak theory i.e. a view of the topic, and poses the question of whether a theory of names can ever belong to the former, plus 10 aspects that any theory should encompass

Algeo, John On defining the proper name University of Florida Press, 1973
Note: Only monograph published recently (post-Gardiner), devoted to the topic. Its emphasis is on grammatical and semantic issues, rather than the philosophical ones.
Reviewed in :Foundations of Language 13:4, Nov 1975), 603-606

Allerton, D.J. 'The linguistic and sociolinguistic status of proper names : What are they,and who do they belong to?' Journal of Pragmatics 11,(1987) 61-92
Note: a recent definitive article on what might constitute 'a name'

Anderson, J.M. 'On the grammatical status of names' Language 80 (2004) 435-474

Anderson, J.M. 'On the structure of names' Folio Linguistica 37 (2003) 347-398

Carroll, J. M. "Toward a functional theory of names and naming" Linguistics 21:264 (1983) ,341-371
Note: A lucid overview of the issues raised by Mill, Frege and Kripke. He is a proponent of the thesis that names inherently have meaning

______ What's in a name? : an essay in the psychology of reference New York: W.H.Freeman, 1985

Carruthers, Peter 'Understanding names' Philosophical Quarterly, 33 (1983) 19-36.
Lawson: Argues that proper names do not have sense, that there is a difference between opaque and transparent names.

Coates, Richard English proper names since 1776 : a theoretical and historical survey Brighton: University of Sussex School of Cognitive and Computing Science, 1990 (Cognitive science research paper -175)
Author abstract:"....a wide-ranging survey of strategies for creating proper names in English-speaking areas since 1776, and of changes in proper names during that period...."

Coates, Richard On the semantics of proper names Brighton: University of Sussex School of Cognitive Studies, 1988 (Cognitive science research paper -127 )
Author abstract:"An attempt is made to defend the notion that certain proper names, contrary to established doctrine, have SENSE; and to demolish, or at least refine very substantially, the doctrine that proper names are words for individuals. The problem of how to decide empirically what is and what is not a proper name is discussed."

____ 'Properhood' Language 82:2 (June 2006), 356-382

Dion, Kenneth "Names, identity, and self" Names 31:4 (Dec 1983), 245-257

The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics ; editor-in-chief: R.E. Asher. Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1994. - 0080359434
Note: entries on 'Names and Descriptions' pp2267-72,
and 'Proper Names' Vol 6 pp3372-3374

Frege, G . "Uber sinn und bedeutung" [on sense and reference]
Reprinted in: Translations from the philosophical writings of Gottlob Frege Oxford: Blackwell, 56-78
Note: In response to Mill, Frege believed that a proper name had sense(s)

Gardiner, A The theory of proper names : a controversial essay 2nd ed., Oxford University Press,1954

Grodzinski, Eugeniusz "Proper nouns, common nouns and singular descriptions" Onoma 24 (1980) 10-15

Huddleston R. Introduction to the grammar of English (Cambridge, 1984), pp229-230

Hughes,Christopher Kripke: names, necessity, and identity Clarendon:University of Oxford Press, 2004
Publisher's abstract: "Saul Kripke changed the face of metaphysics and philosophy of language. This title is a critical analysis of Kripke's central ideas about names, necessity and identity, and in the process makes significant contributions to continuing debates about modality, essence, natural kinds and the relation between the mental and the physical."

Kolic-Vehovec, Svjetlana and Ljiljana Arar 'Do we remember surnames as words? : In the search of the "Word-Word" Paradox' Studia Psychologica 40:3 (1998),187-196

Kripke, Saul "Naming and necessity", In: Semantics of natural language Dordrecht: Reidel(1972) 253-355.
republished sparately as: Naming and necessity Blackwell, 1980
Note: Kripke argues that a proper name is a rigid designator because in every possible world and time, it has the same referent

Lyons, J Semantics Vol 1, Cambridge University Press,1977 pp174-229
Note: an important chapter on the distinction between sense and reference

Mates, Benson On the semantics of proper names Lisse:Peter de Ridder Press,1975 (PdR Press publications in semantics- 2)

Mill, John Stuart A system of logic ratiocinative and inductive
Book 1: Of Names and Propositions. Chapter 2 - Of names
Collected Works of John Stuart Mill- Vol VII
Abstract: Mill regarded proper names as labels, merely 'unmeaning marks'. This is the start of a major theme of modern philosophy -namely, of identity-which will draw the attention of Frege, Russell, Kripke and Searle

Nelson, Mette 'What are proper names and how do we identify them?' Copenhagen Studies in Language, 23(1999), 83-103

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Are there connotative names" Names 26 (1978), 40-47
Abstract: Are place-names merely labels, or do they have resonances? Professor Nicolaisen introduces the idea 'onomastic fields', and gives evidence for this from 2 examples of multiple Scandinavian place-naming in Scotland that implies that the name-givers were drawing upon existing name-associations in their mental onomasticon

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Lexical and onomastic fields" In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences Cracow, 1978, 209-216

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Naming and abstraction" Publications of the North Central Name Society 1: 11-26 (1986)

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Nomen, noun and name: The lexical horns of an onomastic dilemma". In Studies in Medieval and Early Modern English ed. C Groningen: Wolters-Nordhoff (1985), 63-72

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Onomastic dialects" American Speech 55:1, (Spring 1980), 36-45

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Onomastic onomastics" in Proceedings of the Sixteenth ICOS Quebec, 1987
Abstract: A plea that names should be studied for themselves, and not as the adjunct of another discipline. "Names are more, much more than linguistic items, and that their non-linguistic aspects are not the proper domain of the linguist"

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Onomastics - an independent discipline?" Indiana Names 3 (1972), 14-21

Nicolaisen, W.F.H. "Words as names" Onoma 20 (1976), 142-163

Pamp, Bengt "Ten theses on proper names" Names 33:3 (Sept 1985), 111-118

Patton,Thomas E 'Proper names: possibility and culture'
in Language, mind and art: essays in appreciation and analysis, in honor of Paul Ziff edited by Dale Jameson. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, (1994) pp 39-53

Powell, George Names UCL MA dissertation, 1997
Note: An extremely readable and accessible overview of the main philosophical issues of naming and identity. I read this as the same time as Carroll (op cit) and found that the 2 together helped immensely in my understanding
Accessible also in the second sense of being available online

Pulgram, Ernest Theory of names American Name Society, 1954

S�rensen, H.S The meaning of proper names Copenhagen: Gad, 1963
Note: Strongly defends the idea that names have, or may have sense, by limiting the distinction between the lexicon and the onomasticon. Concludes that proper names are "signs, just signs"

Utley, F.L. "The linguistic component of onomastics"
Names 11(1963), 145-176
Note: a proponent of the viewpoint that names have sense

Van Langendonck, W. "On the theory of proper names"
In: Proceedings of the 13th ICOS (1978), 63-78

Willems, Klaas "Form, meaning and reference in natural language : a phenomelogical account of proper names" Onoma 35 (2000), 85-119

Zabeeh, F. What is in a name? : an inquiry into the semantics and pragmatics of proper names Martinus Nijhoff, 1968
Abstract: Lawson1: "Reviews theories of logicians, Mill,Frege, Russell, and others; of linguiats, Gardiner, S�rensen and others. Offers a system of analyzing a name based on meaning, the bearer, unique properties in the bearer, and connotation of the name

Zelinsky, Wilbur "Slouching towards a theory of names : a tentative taxonomic fix" Names 50:4 (Dec 2002), 243-262

Ziff, Paul 'About proper names' Mind 86: 343 (July 1977) 319-332