Naming systems of the world Countries A- G
Country/	Languages	Structure & (Example) Ethnic groups-Types - History	Women (and on marriage) Children Society	Terms of Address Further reading- Notes
Afghanistan	Dari (Afghan Persian) Pashtu, Uzbek,Turkmen, and other Turkic languages	Ethnic groups: Pashtun,Tajik,Hazara,Uzbek,Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch Unclassifiable No easy formula: some bear surnames, some do not	Generally adopt husband’s name	•Miran (1975) ‘Naming and address in Afghan society’ •Nabizoda (2003) ‘Ismlarimiz khosiiati’ Isbn 5635021786 [Uzbek]
Africa				•Musere (1998) ‘African ethnics and personal names’ •Asante (1991) ‘The Book of African names’ •Adebayo, Bunmi et al (2005) ‘Dictionary of African names : Vol 1- meanings,pronunciation and origins’ –isbn13-978-1-4208-4794-9
Albania	Albanian Greek Vlach Romani	Albanian,Greek,Serb, Macedonian,Bulgarian,Other(Vlach,Gypsy) GN + FamN Agron Leka		Mr=Zoti, Mrs=Zonja, Miss= Zonjusha •Stahl ed. (xxxx) ‘Names and social structure : examples fron south east Europe’ Isbn- 0-88033-404-5 •Murati (1993) ‘Dëshmime onomastike per autoktonine e shqiptarëve në trojet etnike të tyre në Maqedoni ‘ •Shpuza (1998) ‘Vёzhgim pёr emrat familjarё tё shqiptarёve’ Isbn 9992762322
Algeria	Arabic=official (French influential) Berber dialects	Arab-Berber 99% European 1% GN + FamN (Hamid Kaddache) (both GN & FamN may be simple or compound) particles = al , ibn (ignored in sort order). The traditional nasab is retained, though preceded by ben and not ibn. FamN examples:- Akrama, Amara, Bahari, Beha,r Belaouf, Belghazi , Benachenhou, Ben Bella, Benarbia, Bendjedid, Benhamou, Benida-Merah, Benzai, Benzine, Boudiaf, Boulmerka ,Boumedienne, Bourrouag, Bourouiba, Chrayat, Gaid, Diop, Essaid, Hacini, Hecini, Ilaes, Kaddache, Kateb,,Kelkal, Klouchi ,Krama, Louahla, Mammeri, Matoub, Mazri, Merah ,Sahnine ,Saidi-Sief, Selmi, Tahar, Yacine, Zeroual, Zidane, Zouabri	Take husband’s family name on marriage	Arabic name form may change due to translation into French, or transliteration from Arabic •Parzymies (1985) ‘Anthroponymie algérienne : noms de famille modernes d'origine turque ‘
Andorra	Catalan (Official). French & Castillian Spanish +Portuguese spoken	Spanish,Andorran, Portuguese, French
Angola	Portuguese (official), Bantu + other African languages	Ovimbundu ,Kimbundu,Bakong,Mestico.European GNs + FamN José Antonio Kiala
Antigua and Barbuda	English	GN + FamN James Thomas
Arabic names		►Traditional to c 1800 Name elements { Khitāb : Kunya : Ism : Nasab : Laqab : Nisba} -Khitāb = word + honorific al-Din (“the faith”) -Kunya = relationship compound, Abu (father of) or Umm (mother of) + PN -Ism =GN or PN -Nasab =PT compound; part ibn +fPN (and part gfPN) -Laqab = nickname indicating a personal quality (or lack) -Nisba = term indicating origin, residence, trade ►Modern Arabic names Ism + other names {e.g. fPN and/or gdPN + Laqab/Nisbah} -Laqab = Tawfik Al-Hakim -Nisbah = Muhammad Al-Dīwanī -Ism = Nūr al-Din Sammūd	The feminine ending –(i)(y)e is commonly added to male names that are adjectives or nouns to form female names e.g. Emin¦Emine, Habip¦Habibe, Sami¦Samiye Other feminine element = ümmü (the mother of) e.g. Ümmühan = ‘the mother of khan’ Whilst the elements –addin and -abdül only appear in male names e.g. Saadettin, Abdullah Arabic female PNs tend to end with the /e/ and /a/ sounds; whilst male PNs with /i/ and /ü/ sounds	See also – ‘Muslim’ entry •Beeston (1971) ‘Arabic nomenclature a summary guide for beginners’
Argentina	Spanish	GN + fFamN+ mFamN Magdalena Rodríguez López Leading surnames: González, Rodríguez, López, García, Gómez, Pérez Other examples: Alberdi, de Alvear, Calvo,Carcano,Castillo, Codovilla, Drago, Echeverría, Güiraldes, Irigoyen, Larreta, Marmol, Naón, Torcuato,Urquiza	Given:Father’s surname: de: husband’s surname Magdalena Rodríguez de López	•Luca (1997) ‘Historia de los apellidos argentinos ‘ Isbn -9879707907
Armenia	Armenian 98% Yezidi Russian (both c 1%)	Armenian 98%,Yezidi (Kurd),Russian GN + PT + SN Hovhannes Sahaki Isahakian Khnarik Vahani Isahakian Most SNs end in –ian (= son of..). Some in placename + atsi (or just I) PT has masc and fem forms But changing from Russian patronymic system to Western form 36 letter Armenian alphabet FamN examples: Agojian, Balaayan, Chilingirian, Dakessian, Gasparian, Hadidian, Kochar, Mechitar, Otian, Panosian, SarkawagTigranian, Yeghoian, Zamani	Married women do not take husband’s surname	Mr= Paron, Mrs= Teekeen, Miss= Oriort •CIA (1965)- ‘Armenian personal names’ •Awde (1999) ‘Armenian first names’ Isbn- 0781807506 •Ekmekdjian (1992) ‘Les prénoms arméniens’ Isbn – 2863640682 •Avetisyan (2000) ‘Hayots azganunneri bažraran : 17051 azganun ‘ Isbn- 9993057223
Australia		●Aboriginal usage Whole PN or GN + SN GN may be aboriginal, western or combined SN may be aboriginal, western or placename Big Arthur Albert Midilikari Djuwandayugu		•Allen (1990) ‘Family names in Australia & New Zealand’ Isbn- 0864172907 •Dynes (1984) ‘The complete Australian and New Zealand book of names’ Isbn-0207148619 •Radion (1981) ‘Dictionary of Ukrainian surnames in Australia’
Austria	German	GN + SN Oskar Magrutsch		•Hornung (1989) ‘Lexikon österreichischer Familiennamen’ (Dictionary of Austrian family names) •Finsterwalder (1978) ‘Tiroler Namenkunde’
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani	GN + SN Kärim Mirzäjev Dëämilä Mirzäjeva (feminine) SNs have masc, fem or gender neutral forms (such as Mämmädli, and names ending in –zadä are also neutral e.g. Ismajylzadä) “li” , “lu” and zadä are Azerbaijani endings ●Azerbaijani Iranis Adopted FamNs influenced by location and profession as well as relationship suffixes (-pour and –zadeh = born of) Many acquired FamNs from cities e.g. (Tehrani, Tabrizi, Isfahani, Shirazi, Meshadi). Or the names of their occupations (Kaffash-shoemaker, Ipakchi-silk trader, Faturachi-rope maker, Damirchi-blacksmith, Chorakchi- bread maker, Attar-spice seller). Or abstract terms	Feminine ending (-eva or ova)	Azeri Tadd= Mr= Janab, Mrs/miss= Khanym Recent trends Practice of general public assuming FamNs commenced in 1920’s, under Soviet rule. Forced adoption by adding Russian suffixes to fPN With independence came some dropping of Russian suffixes. Turkish influenced GNs popular e.g. Tura, Semra, Selma and Aydan Also trad classical Azerbaijani names like Leyla, Murad, Rustam, Tural,Seljan • Qurbanov (1990) ‘Azarbaijan dilinin onomalogiiasy’ • Mirzaiev (1986) ‘Adlarymyz ‘
Bangladesh	Bengali (official) English	Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims ●Bengali Muslims Name elements {GN: FamN : PT: PlN: Pseudonym: NN} Some combinations:- PN simple =Anwar Pasha GN + FamN =Muhammad Ali Chowdhury PT = Asad bin Fazl Compound name linking elements e.g. al, e, I, ud, ul, ur, us, ush, uz: example = Nażrul Islãm (Bengali merger of Nażr-ul- Islăm) ●Bengali Hindu PN or GN +FamN Some combinations: Simple or compound PN= Madhābāchārya PN + FamN = Nirmalchandra Sengupta The 2^nd element to PN compounds is often ornamentation e.g. –chandra, charan, -kānta, -kumār, mohan, -nanda, -nāth, -ranjan etc FamN have anglicised forms of the Sankrit e.g. Banerji (for Bandyopadhyaya etc) Bose (for Basu, Vasu) Chatterji (for Chattopādhyaya etc) Mukherji (for Mukhopadhyaya etc) Tagore (for Thākur) ●Bengali Buddhist N (inc FamN) or PN (or GN) + monastic title Nirodranjan Chākmā Thera Visuddhananda -------------------------------------------------------------- Leading Bangladeshi FamNs:- Ahmed, Alam, Chowdhury, Das, Hossain, Khan, Muhammad, Patwary, Roy, Rahman Roy and Sinha are common amongst Bangladeshi Buddhists and Hindus. Chowdhury and Tālukdār are names common to Buddhists, Hindus amd Muslims UK Leading Bangladeshi FamNs: Uddin, Ullah, Miah, Ali, Hossain, Ahmed, Gani Leading PN: Male: Tahir, Amjad, Abbas,Badsha, Salik, Nazrul, Abdul, Rahism Female- Zoreena, Rahima, Runa, Khaleda, Sabanna, Amina, Hasina Second Names: Male- Miah, Uddin, Ali,Rahman, Karim, Khan Female- Begum, Bibi, Khatun, Akhtar, Nessa Akhtar can be both male and female (AhktarNessa is female and Akhtar Ahmed is male)		Muslim names prefixes: Janab (for men) and Begum (for married women) Male Suffix – Shaheb ------------------------------------------------ •Datta (1981) ‘A linguistic study of personal names and surnames in Bengali ‘ •Ashrafi (1999) ‘Islame shishuder adhunik namkaran ‘ ------------------------------------------------- Hindi prefix Sri (men) : Srimati (married women) Male Suffix - Babu
Barbados		GN + SN John Sealy UK naming usage		•Forde (2003) ‘Nicknames of Barbados’ Isbn-9768080132
Belarus	Belarusian Russian	Belarusian 81%,Russian 11%, Polish 4%,Ukrainian 2%, GN + PT + SN Aljaksej Aljaksandravič Kulakoŭski (masc) Surnames can be masculine, feminine or both. The ending –enak or –ak is distinctive FamN examples: Bič, Harun, Ipataŭ, Litvak, Paškievič, Yaroš		Mr=Spadar, Mrs=Spadarynya, Miss= Spadarynya • Pauls (1969) ‘Type, structure and usage of surnames in the Brest- Litovsk region’ Onoma Bulletin 14 • (2005) ‘Slo unik asabovykh ulasnykh imion’ --"Belaruskaia navuka", Isbn 9850806486
Belgium	Official= French: German: Flemish	GN + SN Maurice Walschap Leading surnames (all Flemish):- Peeters, Janssens, Maes, Jacobs, Mertens, Willems,, Claes, Goossens, Wouters, De Smet Leading Walloon surnames:- Dubois, Lambert, Martin, Dupont, Dumont, Leclercq, Simon, Laurent, Lejeune, Renard		Distribution Reading: •Carnoy, (1953) ‘Origines des noms de familles en Belgique’ •Vroonen, (1957) ‘Les noms de famille de Belgique : essai d'anthroponymie belge.’ •Vincent (1952) ‘Les noms de familles de la Belgique’
Belize		GN + FamN
Benin	French (official) Fon Yoruba	FamN + GN Dossov Paul Family names ending in –gno(e) usually signifies a tribal line of descent FamN examples: Kerekou, Trudo, Zinsou
Bhutan	Official lang= Dzongkha, Nepal and English	Bhote 50%, Ethnic Nepalese 35% Indigenous/migrant tribes 15% Most people bear only 1 name A matriarchal society, with property passing through the female line, so it is not important for a family name to pass through the generations. However, the Educated are beginning to westernise their names
Bolivia	Spanish. Quechua, Aymara	Quechua 30%, Mestizo 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15% •Spanish GN + fFamN + mFamN Marta Bosacoma Campora FamN examples: Achá, Armaya, Ballivián, Belzú, Campero, Córdova, Daza, Estenssoro, Friás, Galindo, Grosolé, Gutiérrez, Lanzo, Linares, Melgarejo, Patiño, Paz, Quintanilla, Sorzano, Urriolagoitia, Villaroel, Villazón	Given: Father’s surname: De: Husband’s surname	•Barúa (2001) ‘ "Semillas de estrellas" : los nombres entre los wichí ‘ Isbn-9875188859 [Matatco indians –Bolivia]
Bosnia & H	Bosnian	GN+ (prefix) + SN (Branko Hadžijanić) Forename + (prefix) + (Compound) surname Prefix now often incorporated into the surname [The compound could be a surname plus territorial name]	Croatian/Muslim /Serb	Mr==Gospodin Mrs= Gospodja Miss= Gospodjica
Botswana	Setswana	[Tribal name]: baptismal + surname Tebogo Kagiso Pule No prefixes or connecting article in Setswana words Compound names are made into unit words		•Rapoo (2002) ‘Naming practices and gender bias in the Setswana language’ Women and Language 25 •Herbert (1990) ‘Changes to Northern Sotho and Tswana personal naming patterns’ Nomina Africana 4 •Gardner (xxxx) ‘Personal names as a neglected sociolinguistic resource: use of English in Botswana’ Names •Mathangwane & Gardner (1998) ‘Language attitudes as portrayed by the use of English and African names in Botswana’ Nomina Africana 12 •Gardner, S. F. (1999) ‘From Molelowakgotla through Michael to Mpho: the role of English from an onomastic perspective’ Marang. Special Issue: Language Literacy and Society
Brazil	Portuguese	GN + mFamN + fFamN José Dutra Azevedo Although now increasingly common just to have a paternal FN alone ……………………………………………………………. Leading surnames- Álvares, Amaral, Andrade, Antunes, Azevedo, Bernardes, Borges, Branco, Brito, Cabral, Câmara, Cardoso, Carvalho, Castro, Cavalcanti, Costa, Couto, Cruz, da Conceição, da Mata, de Jesus, Dias, do Nascimento, Fagundes, Fernandes, Ferreira, Garcia, Gil, Gomes, Henriques, Jaime, Lima, Lins, Lopes, Martins, Medeiros, Mendes, Medonça, Menezes, Moniz, Moraes, Moreira, Neves, Nogueira, Oliveira, Pereira, Pinto, Pires, Rego, Reis, Ribeiro, Rodrigues, Sá, Sanches, Sanrtos, Serrano, Silva, Silveira, Soares, Souza, Tavares, Torres	Maiden name: married surname: father’s surname Cont from left column… If a Black African slave’s name was unknown or unpronounceable, assigned ‘Da Costa’ living near sea coast, ‘Da Silva” if inland.’, ‘Dos Santos’ was given to orphans	•Azvedo & Fortuna (1983) ‘The reconstruction of cultural history and racial mixing from the meaning of family names in Bahia, Brazil’ Quaderni di Semantica: Rivista Internazionale di Semantica Teorica e Applicata 4 •Barbosa (1986) ‘Dicionário de nomes próprios, indígenas e afro-brasileiros’ •Barata (1999) ’Dicionário das famílias brasileiras’ •Ferreira (1998) ‘Dicionário poliglótico de sobrenomes’ Isbn-99886782 •Guério (1981) ‘Dicionário etimológico de nomes’ •Cavalcanti (1989) ‘ Nomes indígenas brasileiros : seus significados, lendas e rituais’ •Dick (1986) ‘Toponímia e antroponímia no Brasil : coletânea de estudos ‘ •Hugh-Jones (2006) ‘The substance of north-west Amazonian names’ in ‘The anthropology of names and naming’ 0521848636 •Thonus (1991) ‘The influence of English on female names in Brazil’ Names 39 •Tôrres (1961) ‘ Vocabulário ortográfico de nomes próprios ‘
Brunei		•Brunei Moslems Arab naming forms •Brunei Chinese FamN + GN	Moslems- Retains maiden name on marriage