Naming systems of the world Countries H-O
Country/ Ethnic groups	Languages	Structure & (Example) Types - History	Women (and on marriage) Children Society	Terms of Address – Further reading- Notes
Haiti	Creole French	Øblack 95%, mulatto and white 5%	Women adopt husband’s Family name	Mr= Misier Mrs/Miss = Madan
Holland see Netherlands
Honduras	Spanish	ÕGN + fFamN + mFamN		•Barrios de Molina (1992) ‘Origen de los apellidos hondureños más frecuentes en la actualidad’ [Honduran name statistics]
Hungary	Hungarian	ØHungarian 92%, Roma 2 % ÕSN + GN Szabó István [Hungarian does not belong to the Indo-European language group, and is distantly related to Finnish and Estonian languages] Surnames did not become widespread till the 14^th century, and have been heavily influenced by other languages. Note absorption and Magyarisation of loanwords as SNs e.g. Tót (from Slovak) , Német (from German), Oláh (Romanian), Horvát (Croatian) , Rác (Serbian) PTs may be formed from Slavic PNs or biblical/saints’ names e.g. László from Slavic Vladislav Other types – habitational (e.g. Banyál ) – occupational/status (e.g. Biró =judge) – animal names (e.g. Farkas= wolf) – ancient tribal names (e.g. Kér) Leading SN: Nagy, Kovács, Tóth, Szabó, Horváth, Kiss, Vargar, Molnár, Németh, Farkas, Balogh, Papp, Takács, Juhász, Mészáros, Lakatos, Simon, Oláh, Fekete, Rácz, Szilágyi, Fehér, Gál, Balázs	A compound married woman’s surname = husband’s SN + suffix né + maiden name Beniczkyné Bazja Similarly this suffix added to her husband’s GN to form her forename	Mr = úr Mrs =né Miss = kisasszony né is suffixed to GN, úr & kisasszony follow the name string •Kálmán (1978) ‘The world of names’ •Kázmér (1993) ‘Régi Magyar Családnevek Szótará’ •Nogrady (1994) ‘Surnames derived from Hungarian ethnic denominations’ Onomastica Canadiana 76 •Virág (1985) ‘ Csantavér családnevei ‘
Iceland	Icelandic	ÕElements {GN + PT [+FamN]} or {GN + FamN or GN + prep + PlN} Last name derived from father’s given name Svava Jakobsdóttir [GN + PT] Patronymic is never used alone. Gudmundor Gislason Hagalin [GN + PT + FamN] A small number of Icelanders have W style family names. The rest –under the provisions of the Names Acts – have to use a PT.	Women retain names on Marriage Icelandic citizens are not allowed to take their spouse’s FamNs. Adopting new FamNs, has been illegal since the 1925 Names Act (amended 1991 and 1997)	Mr = Herra Mrs = Frü Miss= Frøken (abbrev to Hr., Fru., Fruk.) •Sigmundsson (1992) ‘[New Icelandic Personal Names Act]’ StudAnthroScan 10 •Tomasson (1975) ‘The continuity of Icelandic names and naming patterns’ Names 23 •Kvaran (2002) ‘Icelandic personal names in past and present’ Onoma 37 •Ingólfur Pálmason (1987) ‘ Um ættarnöfn og erlend mannanöfn í íslensku ‘ •Ingólfur Pálmason (1987) ‘Um ættarnöfn og erlend mannanöfn í íslensku ‘
India	Hindi 30% plus 14 other official langs (Bengali,Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri,Sindhi, and Sanskrit)	ØIndo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%		•Roy, Shibani et al (2002) ‘Encyclopaedia of Indian surnames’ Isbn- 81-7646-247-0 •Khera (2002) ‘Directory of personal names in the Indian history : from the earliest to 1947 : based on the History and culture of the Indian people by Dr. R.C. Majumdar and A.D. Pusalker et al’ Isbn: 8121510597 •Kamath (2002) ‘Indian names : from classical to contemporary, for people, places & products’ Isbn-8188131008 •Mehrota (1994) ‘The Book of Indian names’ •Singh (1996) ‘Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles’ •Singhan (1982) ‘Tamil, Hindu, Indian names’- Isbn 997190022x
India –Northern States	Covering in general:- [Bengali Gujurati Hindi Marathi Oriya]	In General for this grouping:- ÕGN + fPN + FamN (sub-caste name) Vijar Kumar Patel Examples of name combinations:- Simple PN = Rajindra Prasad GN + FamN = Prithvinath Kaula Initialised fPN + GN = S. Ramaswami GN + fPN (both initialised) + FamN = Mohandras Karamchand Ghandi or M.K. Ghandi In some cases romanisation may split a PN into 2 elements, and the 2^nd element may appear to be a SN when it is not = but actually a permanent accompaniment e.g. Anand, Bal, Bhakti, Bhushan, Chand, Chandra, Charan, Das, Dev, Gopal, Kisnor, Kumar, Lal, Narayan, Nath, Prasad, Raj and Ram . Nonetheless some use them as SNs. PT suffixes = -jā and ānī There are only a few Hindu Middle Names which may be regarded as a 2^nd GN The FamN may be a sub-caste name, and therefore shared by a large number of families e.g. Patel However, some drop the FamN as a sign of rejection of the caste system, and use Middle Name as a SN Sometime a family name is appended as an initial e.g. Noushad S.U. = Noushad Shafi Ulooji, Leading FamN: Chopra, Desai, Gupta, Parekh, Patel, Roy, Sharma Leading PN (female) : Bimla, Leela, Nirmala, Pushpa, Rama, Rupa, Vanita, Kamla, Ansuya Leading PN (male) : Anand, Anil, Ganesh, Kishore, Krishna, Naresh, Ram, Vijay, Virendra, Bhaskar, Magan, Jayanti Leading MN (female) Behen (Ben), Devi, Gowri, Kumari, Lakshmi, Rani Leading MN (male): Bhai, Chand, Das, Dev, Kant, Kumar, Lal, Nath, Pal. Lakshmi, Dev, Lal can be used as GN Kumar is also a FamN	Wife uses her husband’s FamN ………………………………… cont from left-column FN sub-divisions, derived from:- •Ancestral nicknames- Bhargav, Bhatti, Lakhani •Ancestral placenames Agarwal, Ahluwalia, Bhatnagar, Irani, Mathur •Ancestral Office/occupations Bajaj (Clothier), Banik (Merchant), Chowdhury (Chief), Dala (Broker). Desai (District chief), Ghosh (herdsman), Kamath (Cultivator). Mumjumdar (Record keeper). Modi (Grocer) Patel (Village headman) Reddy (Village headman) Shah (merchant) Upadhyaya (teacher) Vaidya (Physician) The suffix –wala indicates a trade, occupation •Honorific titles Bhatt (Lord) Chakraborty (Emperor) Malik (King), Mishra (Honourable one) Naidu (Chi ef) , Thakur (Lord) •Hindu gods epithets:- Basu, Kumar, Lal,Mohan, Narayan, Ram	Hindu Tadd Mr = Shri Mrs =Shrimati Miss = Kumari The titles Acharya, Pant, Pandit, S(h)astir, Swami, Chaudhari, Naik, Pandeya, Patnaik, Pradhan, Seth, Shah, Thakur, and Vaid(ya) if placed after a given name, may be used as the surname •Dil (1975) ‘A comparative study of the personal names and nicknames of the Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims’ Studies on Bengal ----------------------------------------------------
Subdivisions:-
N Central: -•Bihar, •Madhya, •Pradesh, •Rajasthan, •Uttar Pradesh	•Hindi
NE States:- •Assam, •Bengal •Orissa	•Assamese •Bengali •Oriya	---------------------------------------------- FamN being used in Bengal by mid 19thc. (under British influence) PN + PN +FamN Bankim Chandra Bose In W Bengal, common to have GN + last name + Nickname (=Daak naam) Caste surname examples: Baidya, Baishya FamN examples: Bose, Dutt, Ghosh, Gupta, Thakur -------------------------------------------------
•Jammu and Kashmir	•Kashmrir
•Panjab	•Panjabi	Caste surname examples: Bhatia and Sood
India W States:
•Goa	•Konkani	•Konkani
•Gujarat	•Gujarati	•Gujarati Hindu ÕGN + fPN + FamN Terms of address suffixes incorporated into SN Gujurati -bhai (brother), ben (sister) Caste surname example: Vania	On marriage, women add husband’s GN + FamN to their PN Gurati women with no FN, sometimes use Ben (sister) as their last name	Patel and Shah are common names within the UK Gujarati community
•Maharastra	•Marathi	•Marathi/Gujrati ÕGN + PN or fGN + FamN Sunil Manohar Gavaskar Terms of address suffixes incorporated into PN -dada (older brother), bai (older sister), babu (father)	“Traditionally, women take their husband's name as their middle name and also adopt his family name.” –wikipedia	Suffixes:- In Maharashtra many family names are derived by attaching a "kar" to their place of origin. e.g. Gavaskar from Gavas, Tendulkars fromTendol, Pawaskar from Pawas etc
India- Southern States	•Tamil (Tamil Nadu –S India)	●Tamil ÕPN may consist Village Name + FamN Historically, concept of middle names and surnames is alien – many just a single name In S India, widespread use of a PT Long PN are often abbreviated Subramaniam Damodara Pakirisamy = S.D.P Samy Mangalam Amaladaj= M. Daj PN of father may also be initialised e.g. Raman Son of Dinesh = D. Rahman. A person without an initial is looked down upon (e.g. as illegitimate) Names in S India may include occupation or village name Examples of sub-caste names adopted in recent past as FamN : 'Iyer', 'Iyengar', Gounder, 'Nair', 'Naidu', 'Reddy', 'Gowda'. (all S Indian examples) ………………………………………………….…	It is common for Tamil women to adopt their husband’s first name as their own surname. “Sunitha Gopalan (Sunitha daughter of Gopalan) might change her name to Sunitha Rajiv (Sunitha wife of Rajiv) after marriage.” -wikipedia “Before marriage, a girl uses her father's initial, but after marriage, she uses her husband's initial. Of late the trend has changed and many women, especially those employed, do not change the initials, but continue with their father's initials.” – wikipedia ……………………………………	•Britto (1986) ‘Personal names in Tamil society’ Anthropological linguistics 28 ……………………………………
•AndarPradesh	•Telugu	ÕFamN + GN (+CN) Nara Chandrababu Naidu but addressed as Mr. Naidu Caste surname example: Reddi		•Balaganga Roa (1990) ‘Surnames of the Telugu people’ Proc 17^th ICOS •Prabhakaran (1998) ‘Exploring Hindu Telugu surnames’ Nomina Africana 12 •Prabhakaran (1999) ‘A sociolingiostic analysis of South African Telugu surnames’ South African Journal of Linguistics 17
•Karnataka	•Kannada	…………………………………………………….… Õ [PlN] and/or [fGN] and/or [GN] + clan/title/caste name Panemangalooru Ramanath Shenoy = PlN + fGN + CN Caste surname example: Bunt Terms of address suffixes incorporated into PN Appa (father), anna (older brother), akka (older sister), amma (mother) ………………………………………………………	…………………………………… …………………………………… ………………………………………	…………………………………… …………………………………… ………………………………..…
•Kerala	•Malayalam	Caste surname example: Nayar		•MaryKutty (1997) ‘Personal names of Kerala Christians’
India (religion)	Punjabi -Sikhs	ÕGN + comp + SN or PlN Trilok Singh Dhillon Surjit Kaur Sarna Complementay words : Singh = male, Kaur = female Sikhs traditionally do not use the FamN as it is sub-caste Common Sikh FamN :- Gill, Ghana, Panesar Common Sikh GNs : Ajit, Amarjit, Baldir, Davinder, Gurdip, Kuldip, Inderjit, Joginder, Ravinder	A devout Sikh woman regards ‘Kaur’ as the most important part of her name	•Rait (1984) ‘A dictionary of Punjabi name elements’ Isbn - 0900738340
India (religion)	Hindu	4 broad traditional social divisions (Varnas) · Brahmans= Priestly caste · Kshatriya= Warriors · Vaishya = Merchants · Shudra = Craftsmen/Cultivators FN associated with clans (examples) · Arora = Ahuja, Chana, Madan, Taneja · Agarwahal Bania = Bansa, Mittal, Singhal · Jat= Dhillon, Gill, Sandhu · Kayasth= Mathur, Saksena · Panjani Khatri= Anand, Chopra, Kapoor · Konkanasth Brahman= Dev, Kale ·