(1.2) Surnames of Relationship build version 0.241

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Aspect map build version 0.251

“Surnames of this type existing at the present day are the survivors of a much larger number of surnames which can be found before 1400, many of them by-names which never became hereditary” e.g. Childresfadre, Milnerstepson, Le Pristesbrother Mckinley History of British Surnames
Note: Mckinley treats relationship surnames as a sub-division of the class of nicknames. Although they could be equally regarded as encompassing patronymics.
Form
Prepositions Le
Genitival See also: other genitival forms e.g. occupational Parsons , or topographical, Mills, or relationship	Cousins, Brothers
Kinship
Lack of kin Proximity	Parrish, Bastard, Fitzroy Neighbour
Family relationship Indirect relationship By marriage -maugh/-mough/-mot(t), -muff,-muff, -mouth, -more Ø Occupational + Maugh etc Son-in-law Brother-in-law	These Middle English terms relate to a relation in general, or a brother-in-law in particular e.g. Hickmott Portermaugh Od(h)am(s), Ginder(s) =” a surname of relationship which became a family name when s son-on-law inherited the land of a father-in-law” (Reaney OES p81) Fairbrother – possibly from the French Beau Frère [brother-in-law]
Family relationship
Direct relationship	Bynames of this form (-neve, -brother, -daughter, -wif) persisted into the late 14^th century. They are heavily associated with ‘the north’
Feminine-	Suffixes indicating feminine relationships were dwarfed by names ending in -son. They tended to be recorded in Latin, compared to the lower register of ME used for men “the expanse of these ME formations for other relations other than –son clearly evokes a non-Scandinavian effect” [Postles The north through its names (2008) p60]
Mother(s)	Mother – 13 occurrences in 1881 census
Wife, Wyf	Associated with widows Wife (38=1881), Mogwife (9)
Widow	Widdowes, Widders < Wedue, le Wydu
Sister
Daughter, dochter	Associated with non-married women Unstable, and no suffixed forms have survived to today. (Though ‘Daughter’ and ‘Daughters’ were recorded in 1881), though the simplex form Dafter still exists, as does Dauter, Dafter. It may have been applied as a nickname for a sole heiress due to inherit her father’s land {Reaney OES p81] In 14^th century, Yorkshire and Lancashire, it was fairly common as a byname. Exception: Daughtery, Dawtrey derive from ‘de Hauterive’
Masculine-
father	Fathers, Father, Fadder, Bairnsfather “Fadder and Fathers, Mothers and Brothers may all derive from a well-established personal name, Old Danish Fathir, Mothir, and Brothir “ Reaney OES p80 But all also occur with the qualifier le e.g. William le Brother can be relationship names
son	Soane “it is impossible to be dogmatic about the chronological appearance of –son names in relationship to other suffixes of relationship. It might be argued that vernacular –son names appeared first, though a combination of Scandinavian ME language use, and that –wif/-wyf, -doghter and other suffixes of relationship developed secondarily in the wake of –son formations” “One of the enduring, if marginal, features of patronyms and metronyms with –son was their tendency to exhibit instability into the late middle ages, long after other forms of surnames had generally stabilised” [Postles The north through its names (2008) p60]
brother(s)
uncle	Eames, Neam(e), Uncle, Ungles q But the Sussex Uncles (and East Anglia)< ON personal name Ulfketell Dunkling DoS p259 Reaney OES p82
nephew	Neve, Neave, Neff , but also used as a nickname for a parasitic, thriftless person. But in Scotland usually derives from the place-name Nevay in Angus
cousin	q Possible interaction with placename ‘Coutances’ or with ‘Cusson’ = son of Cuthbert/Constance (?)
heir	Ayer, Ayr, Ayres, Eyre, Hair, Hayer, Heyer Alternatives: from placename ‘Ayr’, or anglicised forms of the Irish surnames O’Hare and Hair
knave	Often synonymous with -man
Relative age {under nicknames?} Old/Older Young/ Younger	Senior, Sayner, Sinyard, Henn (Welsh=Old) Gamble, Child (though can also be a term for a young nobleman); Ogg (Gaelic= young)
By Gender
>See under kinship
By economic status
-man	e.g. Bateman, Cheeseman If –man denotes a servant, then this name form will be under-represented in the lay subsidies “the intensive and customary use of –man in by-names as a suffix to a personal name denoting servanthood was more characteristic onomastically of an extensive northern zone which extended down into the north Midlands” Postles (2007) The north through its names p78
Ø See also other –man forms	-man forms are difficult to assign, because it is not always clear if the main element is moreover a nickname (e.g. Blithman), or an occupation, or even topographic
q class names like King, Pope Bishop under nicknames

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